At AFQC 2025, we asked experts from across the ecosystem two simple questions: What are the biggest challenges facing our ecosystem? And what will it take to overcome them?

Here are the answers: Nine challenges for startups, technologies and the ecosystem with many immediately realisable solutions. A guide to creating a strong ecosystem for powerful quantum computing technologies and competitive startups.

This white paper is the collaborative effort of experts from across the quantum computing ecosystem at AFQC 2025.

Photos: Samuel Mindermann – Design: Olli Design – Live: Kontrapunkt